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"I Have A Dream": 60 Years later

Updated: Mar 24, 2023

17 minutes. 1625 words. Millions of hearts and minds.


Many people have talked about racial equality over the centuries, from writers like Maya Angelou and Langston Hughes, to lawmakers like John Lewis. Yet none have been so memorable or impactful as Dr. Martin Luther King. His “I Have a Dream" speech on August 28, 1963, is still considered by scholars, historians and speechwriters to be one of the best speeches in American history. So what makes this speech stand out as it does? There are many factors, but here are three that everyone can strive to replicate, even if your presentation is more a necessity than a dream.


1. Aspiration

While Dr. King minces no words in describing how bad race relations are at that moment in time, he sets his sights on the highest potential and doesn’t waver. Note that he’s not satisfied with something like, Stop treating us unfairly. He aims far higher—using soaring rhetoric to describe a vision where all people are not only equal but “free at last” and will jointly, “transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.”


“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”


And


“This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.”


But before he does this, King grounds his comments with references to the Gettysburg Address and the Emancipation Proclamation, thus driving home the point that his message is embedded in the tradition of America and defining his vision with values everyone can agree on: love of country, fairness and freedom. These resonated with his audience emotionally and made his entreaty impossible to ignore.


"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice."


And


"When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir."


While these specific themes of country, fairness and freedom may not be appropriate in many business meetings, the idea of visionary speaking certainly is. In fact, it’s one of the surest marks of a strong leader.

Another important aspect to aspirational speaking, (which many current politicians would do well to remember), is that Dr. King kept his calls to action dignified, with strong parameters of behavior.


"In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force."


And


"No matter how much he criticizes the current state of affairs at the time, he does not strike an overly accusatory tone, but rather focuses on brotherhood and togetherness. the most commonly used word in the speech is “we”. “Our” is used 18 times."





2. Rhetorical devices

Dr. King uses tools like overarching theme, metaphor and contrast, and builds on them throughout the speech. This helps the listener track his thought process and it builds emotional tension that peaks at the end.


THEME

The speech is bookended with the notion of true freedom. Dr. King invokes the Emancipation Proclamation at the beginning, refers to freedom in various contexts throughout the speech in various contexts—like justice and the freedom from violence—and ends by linking it to a moment when, ”the glory of the Lord shall be revealed”. Every time he mentions the word, he imbues it with new lucidity for his audience, whether you watch, hear or read the speech.


"This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning: My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrims' pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring."


And


"When we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, Black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last. Free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last."


METAPHOR

Dr. King uses metaphor to help people relate to the plight he is describing, and not just any issue, but something deeply emotional—money, insufficient funds, a promise yet unfulfilled.


When you discuss complex ideas, metaphors can help break them down into digestible bits that are easier to relate to and remember.


“In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked “insufficient funds.” But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we’ve come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.”


CONTRAST

Not only do comparisons and contrast help people deepen their understanding of an idea, but Dr. King’s contrasting language convey an urgency that motivates the audience to action. Note how he uses detailed language to paint a picture that can be seen and felt.


"Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice."


And


"This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality."

And


"Every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low."


3. Musicality (melody, rhythm and repetition)

Lots of people talk about their dreams, but MLK repeated his titular phrase no less than eight times. He turned it into a melodic refrain, using vocal intonation to build emotional resonance with every repetition. This made the phrase easy to remember and served to imprint it in listeners' brains like a song that keeps playing in your mind. And going back to the theme of freedom: Guess how many times he mentioned the phrase “let freedom ring”? 10 times. And he used the word freedom 19 times--all in a 17 minute speech. This strategic repetition is called anaphora, which goes back to the ancient Greek orators —and its effects are very different from the tedium of accidental redundancy.


Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children.”


And


"And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado. Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. But not only that, let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring."


Your challenge

Watch the video or read the transcript below. Then choose 1 of the above tools and adapt it to your next meeting or presentation.



" I Have A Dream"

August 28, 1963

Washington, D.C.


I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.


Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.


But 100 years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself in exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check.


When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men — yes, Black men as well as white men — would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.


It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked insufficient funds.


But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.


We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.


We have also come to his hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism.


Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. 1963 is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual.


There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.


But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.


We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny.


And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.


There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, when will you be satisfied? We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.


We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: for whites only.


We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote.


No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.


I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed


Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends.


So even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.


I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.


I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.


I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.


I have a dream that one day down in Alabama with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right down in Alabama little Black boys and Black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today.


I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.


This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.


This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning: My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrims' pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring.


And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado. Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. But not only that, let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.


And when this happens, and when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, Black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last. Free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last.


~Dr. Martin Luther King



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